SECOND GRADE
(minimum standards)

Reading

2.1.01 Develop oral language.

1. Show evidence of expanding oral language through vocabulary growth.
2. Continue to implement rules for conversation.
3. Understand, follow, and give oral directions.
4. Participate in group discussion.
5. Participate in creative responses to text (e.g., choral reading, discussion, and dramatization).
6. Respond to questions from teachers and other group members.
7. Narrate a personal story.
8. Summarize lesson content.

2.1.02 Develop listening skills.

1. Listen attentively to speaker for specific information.
2. Use appropriate listening skills (e.g., does not interrupt, faces speaker, asks questions).
3. Listens and responds to a variety of media (e.g., books, audio tapes, videos).
4. Recognize the difference between formal and informal languages.
5. Follow oral directions.

2.1.03 Demonstrate knowledge of concepts of print.

1. Read and explain own writings.
2. Recognize that groups of sentences make a paragraph and paragraphs make a story.
3. Recognize and use parts of a book (e.g., title, author, illustrator, table of contents and glossary).
4. Understand punctuation (e.g., period, question mark, exclamation mark).

2.1.04 Develop and maintain phonemic awareness.

1. Develop awareness of sounds of language through repeated exposure to a variety of auditory experiences (e.g., poetry, books on tape, music lyrics, sound effects, and read-alouds).
2. Add, delete, and change targeted sounds to modify or change words.
3. Identify and produce rhyming words.

2.1.05 Develop and use decoding strategies.

1. Use knowledge of letter-sound correspondence and structural analysis to decode words.
2. Use decoding strategies, such as sounding out words, comparing similar words, breaking words into smaller words, and looking for word parts (e.g., compound words, word families, blends, and digraphs).
3. Use known words to decode unknown words.
4. Apply knowledge of basic syllabication rules.

2.1.06 Read to develop fluency, expression, accuracy and confidence.

1. Read orally to develop fluency, expression, accuracy, and confidence.
2. Reflect punctuation within written text while reading orally.
3. Participate in guided, oral readings.
4. Demonstrate the automatic recognition of high frequency words.
5. Read a variety of texts with fluency, expression, accuracy and confidence.
6. Read independently daily.

2.1.07 Develop and extend reading vocabulary.

1. Build vocabulary by listening to literature, participating in discussions, and reading self-selected and assigned texts.
2. Recognize common abbreviations and contractions.
3. Participate in shared reading.
4. Manipulate word families, word wall and word sorts.
5. Match oral words to print words.
6. Determine the meaning of unfamiliar words (e.g., picture dictionary, picture clues, context clues and structural analysis).
7. Add endings to base words to make new words (e.g., –ed, -ing, and –es).
8. Identify simple multiple-meaning words based on the appropriate meaning for the context.
9. Build vocabulary through frequent read-alouds.

2.1.08 Develop and use pre-reading strategies.

1. Identify a purpose for reading.
2. Participate in activities to build background knowledge to make meaning from text.
3. Make predictions about text.
4. Use illustrations to preview text.
5. Create graphic organizers (e.g., KWL, webs, lists, story maps, charts).
6. Connect life experience to information and events in texts.

2.1.09 Use active comprehension strategies to derive meaning while reading and check for understanding after reading.

1. Derive meaning while reading
1. employing self-correction strategies (e.g., rereading, asking for help).
2. participating in discussion about text and relating selection to personal experience.
3. predicting and adjusting outcomes during reading.
2. Check for understanding after reading by
1. recalling the sequence of events in a story.
2. drawing conclusions based on evidence gained while reading.
3. restating story events in order to clarify and organize ideas.
4. recognizing cause and effect.
5. recognizing the main idea in picture books and texts.

2.1.10 Introduce informational skills to facilitate learning.

1. Recognize outside resources (e.g., family and community).
2. Recognize a variety of print sources (e.g., books, magazines, maps, charts, and graphs).
3. Understand the purpose of various reference materials (e.g., dictionary, encyclopedia).
4. Use graphic organizers to aid in understanding material from informational texts.
5. Visit libraries and checks out appropriate materials.

2.1.11 Develop skills to facilitate reading to learn in a variety of content areas.

1. Develop content specific vocabulary.
2. Use text features to locate information (e.g., charts, maps and illustrations).

2.1.12 Read independently for a variety of purposes.

1. Read for literary experience.
2. Read to gain information.
3. Read to perform a task.
4. Read for enjoyment.
5. Read to expand vocabulary.
6. Read to build fluency.

2.1.13 Experience various literary and media genres.

1. Read and view various literary (e.g., picture books, storybooks, fairy tales, nonfiction texts, poetry, lyrics to songs) and media (e.g., illustrations, the arts, films, videos) genres.
2. Understand the main idea in a visual message (e.g., pictures, cartoons, posters).
3. Explore folktales and fables.
4. Identify characters, plot, and setting in print and non-print text.
5. Recognize how the main character and other characters interact with each other.
6. Identify types of stories (e.g., folktales, fables, fairy tales).
7. Determine whether the events in the reading selection are real or fantasy.
8. Compare and contrast different stories.
9. Determine the problem in a story and discover its solution.

2.1.14 Develop and maintain a motivation to read.

1. Visit libraries/media centers and regularly check out materials.
2. Share storybooks, poems, environmental print, and own writing.
3. Explore a wide variety of literature through read alouds, tapes, and independent reading.
4. Identify favorite stories, informational text, authors and illustrators.
5. Engage in a variety of literacy activities voluntarily (e.g., self-select books and stories).
6. Relate literary experiences to others (e.g., book reports, sharing favorite stories).
7. Experience daily opportunities to read.
8. Choose to read as a leisure activity.

Writing

2.2.01 Use a variety of pre-writing strategies.

1. Brainstorm ideas with teachers and peers.
2. Write key thoughts and questions, record reactions and observations.
3. Construct graphic organizers to establish understanding.
4. Select a focus for writing.
5. Use a variety of sources to gather information.

2.2.02 Write for a variety of purposes.

1. Write to acquire and exhibit knowledge (e.g., sentences, answers to questions).
2. Write to entertain (e.g., stories, poems, riddles).
3. Write to inform (e.g., friendly letters, two or three step directions, journals).

2.2.03. Show evidence of drafting and revision with written work.

1. Compose first drafts using appropriate parts of the writing process.
2. Write in complete coherent sentences.
3. Uses temporary spelling to spell independently as necessary.
4. Arrange events in logical and sequential order.
5. Reread draft.
6. Sharpen the selected focus for writing.
7. Revise to clarify and refine writing (e.g., rearrange words, sentences, paragraphs) and provide more descriptive detail.
8. Incorporate suggestions from peers and teachers.

2.2.04 Include editing before the completion of finished work.

1. Apply elements of language (e.g., end marks, capitalization, and commas in a series).
2. Edit for complete sentences.
3. Use knowledge of letter sounds, word parts, word segmentation, and syllabication to monitor and correct spelling.
4. Use classroom resources (e.g., word walls, picture dictionaries, teacher, peers, appropriate technology, student generated word books) to aid in proofreading.
5. Identify words or phrases that could be added to clarify meaning of written stories.

2.2.05 Evaluate own and others’ writing.

1. Use a simple rubric to evaluate own writing and group work.
2. Evaluate own and others’ writing through small group discussion and shared work.
3. Review personal collection to determine progress.

2.2.06 Experience numerous publishing opportunities.

1. Prepare a variety of written work (e.g., published books, stories and book reports).
2. Incorporate photographs or illustrations in written works.
3. Use technology to publish writing.
4. Share completed work.
5. Create individual and classroom books.

2.2.07 Write narrative accounts.

1. Write a narrative having a beginning, middle and ending.
2. Write accounts of personal experiences.
3. Write group stories with a beginning, middle, and end.
4. Create readable documents with legible handwriting.

2.2.08 Write frequently across content areas.

1. Summarize concepts presented in science (e.g., illustrations, sentences, paragraphs).
2. Write stories about concepts presented in social studies.
3. Write in math journals, create math stories, and write explanations for problem solving.
4. Participate in shared writings about the arts and personal activities.

2.2.09 Write expressively using original ideas, reflections, and observations.

1. Write stories and poems.
2. Write, when given time, place, and materials.
3. Write to express opinions and judgments.
4. Continue to maintain, with teacher assistance, samples of writing and drawings that express opinions and judgments (e.g., portfolio, journals, student-made books).
5. Dictate or write stories (e.g., tape recorder, adult, older student).

2.2.10 Write in response to literature.

1. Describe setting, characters, and events in detail.
2. Write a different ending to a story.
3. Write about a favorite character or favorite part of a story.
4. Compose a note or questions for a favorite author.
5. Summarize a story.

2.2.11 Write in a variety of modes and genres.

1. Write friendly notes, invitations, and messages.
2. Write stories with a logical sequence.
3. Write poems.
4. Write descriptive sentences.
5. Write a report.
6. Write in journals.

Elements of Language

2.3.01 Demonstrate knowledge of Standard English usage.

1. Use nouns appropriately (e.g., singular and plural, common and proper, possessives).
2. Use verbs appropriately (e.g., past and present tense, agreement, action and linking, irregular).
3. Use pronouns appropriately (e.g., pronoun case, subject and object agreement).
4. Use adjectives appropriately (e.g., descriptive, comparative, superlative).

2.3.02 Demonstrate knowledge of Standard English mechanics.

1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence, names, pronoun "I," and proper nouns.
2. Use correct punctuation at the end of declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences and questions.
3. Use commas correctly in a series of one- word items (e.g., apples, oranges, and pears).
4. Form contractions using apostrophes.
5. Write legibly in manuscript.

2.2.03 Demonstrate knowledge of Standard English spelling.

1. Spell high-frequency words correctly.
2. Spell words correctly as appropriate to grade level.
3. Spell basic short-vowel, long-vowel words and consonant blend patterns.
4. Spell regular and irregular plurals correctly (e.g., boy/boys, child/children).
5. Use a dictionary to spell words correctly and to verify spelling.
6. Arrange words in alphabetical order to the second letter.

2.3.04 Demonstrate knowledge of correct sentence structure.

1. Use appropriate language structure in oral and written communication (e.g., subject-verb agreement, correct pronoun choice, and logical/appropriate correct word order).
2. Distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences.
3. Identify and use statements, questions, and exclamatory sentences in writing and speaking.
4. Combine simple sentences into compound sentences.

Math Standards

Number and Operations

1. Count a set of objects to 100 using an efficient grouping strategy (e.g., two’s, three's, five’s, ten’s);
2. Count forward and backward by one from any number less than 999;
3. Read and write numerals to 999;
4. Recognize the place value of a digit in numbers to 999;
5. Identify odd and even numbers to 100;
6. Use concrete models or pictures to show whether a fraction is less than a half, more than a half, or equal to a half;
7. Match the spoken, written, concrete, and pictorial representations of halves, thirds, and fourths;
8. Compare the unit fractions 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4;
9. Count the value of a set of coins up to one dollar;
10. Order whole numbers less than 1000;
11. Compare two numbers using the appropriate symbol (i.e., <, >, =);
12. Represent numbers to 999 in flexible ways using a variety of materials (e.g., 23 as 23 ones, 1 ten and 13 ones, and/or 2 tens and 3 ones);
13. Apply the language of ordinal numbers up to twentieth.
14. Develop a story problem that illustrates a given addition or subtraction number sentence;
15. Use the number line to demonstrate addition and subtraction;
16. Write and identify number sentences that describe situations involving addition and subtraction;
17. Write and explain related addition and subtraction sentence.
18. Solve story problems involving numbers to 100;
19. Check for the reasonableness of solutions;
20. Use calculators in problem-solving situations;
21. Add and subtract efficiently and accurately with single-digit numbers;
22. Use a variety of strategies and representations to add and subtract two-digit whole numbers;
23. Explain and justify solution strategies used in problem solving;
24. Use estimation to justify the reasonableness of a computation.

Algebra

1. Sort objects by two or more attributes;
2. Identify the rules by which objects or numbers have been sorted.
3. Extend a growing pattern;
4. Identify the unit of a three-part repeating pattern;
5. Translate a repeating pattern from one medium to another (e.g., red-blue-blue to snap-clap-clap);
6. Determine the output for a particular input given the one-operation function rule involving addition and subtraction.
7. Interpret and solve open sentences that involve addition or subtraction;
8. Use the language and symbols of mathematics appropriately to communicate mathematical thinking;
9. Use manipulatives to demonstrate addition and subtraction sentences written symbolically involving numbers 0-20.
10. Apply the commutative property of addition;
11. Show that subtraction is not commutative;
12. Apply the addition and subtraction properties of zero.
13. Describe qualitative change (e.g., a student growing taller);
14. Describe quantitative change (e.g., a student growing two inches in one year).

Geometry

1. Recognize, name, build, draw, and compare two- and three-dimensional geometric figures;
2. Describe attributes and parts of two- and three-dimensional geometric figures;
3. Recognize shapes that have line symmetry;
4. Investigate and predict the results of putting together and taking apart two- and three-dimensional geometric figures.
5. Identify the position of whole numbers on the number line.
6. Illustrate flips, slides, and turns using concrete and pictorial materials.

Measurement

1. Compare and order objects according to length, capacity, and weight;
2. Demonstrate understanding of the concepts of perimeter and area;
3. Identify the measurable attributes of objects in the environment.
4. Read and write time to the hour, half-hour, and quarter-hour;
5. Relate days, dates, weeks, and months to a calendar;
6. Explain the relationship between inches and feet;
7. Measure length to the nearest centimeter, foot, half-inch, and inch;
8. Use strategies to make estimates of length and time;
9. Solve problems involving elapsed time in hour intervals;
10. Measure and estimate weight and capacity using a variety of non-standard units;
11. Find area and perimeter using non-standard units;
12. Read thermometers with Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.

Data Analysis and Probability

1. Pose questions and gather data to answer the questions;
2. Read, interpret, and create tables using tally marks;
3. Create pictographs and bar graphs;
4. Read and interpret tables, bar graphs, and pictographs.
5. Predict outcomes of events based on data gathered and displayed;
6. Explain whether an event is likely or unlikely.

Social Studies

Culture

1. Recognize most cultures preserve important personal and public items from the past.
2. Recognize communities have customs and cultures that differ.
3. Identify and explain the significance of selected stories, poems, statues, paintings, and other examples of local and state cultural heritage.
4. Identify diverse cultural groups within the communities of Tennessee and America.
5. Examine the effects of changing technologies on the local community and state.

Economics

1. Explain the effects of income and specialized jobs.
2. Identify various economic systems and their interdependence.
3. Know the major products of Tennessee.
4. Categorize resources needed to operate industries.
5. Understand import and export.

Geography

1. Locate hemispheres, poles and equator.
2. Recognize different types of maps (i.e. climate, vegetation, physical and natural resources).
3. Name and locate the equator, continents, oceans, and hemispheres on a map and a globe.
4. Recognize map elements (i.e. title, scale, symbols, legends, grids, cardinal and intermediate direction).
5. Analyze how individuals and populations depend upon land resources.
6. Describe the importance of physical geographic features on defining communities.
7. Understand the earth-sun relationship such as the varying length of day.
8. Understand the rudimentary elements to the hydrologic cycle.
9. List the earth’s natural resources (i.e. minerals, air, water, and land).
10. Show how landmasses and bodies of water are represented on maps and globes.
11. Locate the state of Tennessee and its major cities on a map.
12. Name the physical and human characteristics of the neighborhood and the community.

Governance and Civics

1. Recognize how groups and organizations encourage unity and work with diversity to maintain order and security.
2. Identify functions of government in a community.
3. Describe how governments establish order, provide security, and manage conflict.
4. Know that communities have different laws depending on the needs and problems of their community.
5. Recognize people who make laws and people who enforce them in Tennessee.
6. Identify ways that public officials are selected, including election and appointment.
7. Identify representative leaders in local, state and national government (i.e. mayor, governor and president).
8. Identify qualities and characteristics of good citizenship and give examples.
9. Identify some governmental services in the community (i.e. libraries, schools, and parks) and explain their value to the community.
10. Explain how citizens fund various community services.
11. Explain the meaning of selected patriotic symbols and landmarks of Tennessee.

History

1. Explain the significance of various community, state, and national celebrations (i.e. Memorial Day and Independence Day).
2. Explain how local people and events have influenced local community history.
3. Describe the order of historical events (i.e. ancient times and modern times).
4. Use vocabulary related to chronology, including past, present and future.
5. Describe and measure calendar time by days, weeks, months, and years.
6. Comprehend that physical and human characteristics of communities change over time.
7. Identify and explain the significance of various community landmarks.
8. Create and interpret timelines.
9. Compare various interpretations of the same time period using evidence such as photographs and interviews.

Science Standards

Life Science

a) Observe and describe what occurs when a plant or an animal loses a specific part (i.e. leaves or roots).

b) Explain how plants and animals interrelate within a distinct environment.

c) Determine how animals use their senses to interact with their environment.

d) Identify how organisms are affected by various kinds of pollution.

e) Compare how plants and animals satisfy their basic requirements for life.

f) Recognize that as an organism grows, its appearance may change.

g) Recognize that plants and animals have structures that allow them to interact with their environment (living and non-living things).

Earth and Space Science

a. Recognize there are innumerable stars in the nighttime sky that vary in brightness, color, and location.

b. Identify that a telescope serves as a tool for observing distant objects.

c. Determine the time of day, given an illustration of the sun in the sky (i.e. morning, noon, afternoon).

d. Observe and illustrate the changing patterns of the moon.

e. Connect specific weather patterns to seasons.

f. Illustrate a specific day’s weather, given corresponding data.

g. Recognize the earth’s major geological features (i.e. islands, oceans, lakes, etc.).

h. Differentiate between various kinds of soil.

i. Explain the outcome of the loss of a specific resource.

Physical Science

a. Analyze the effect of friction on the motion of an object.

b. Recognize that objects fall unless supported.

c. Describe the affects of weight and position on a balancing system.

d. Identify gravity as the force that pulls objects to the earth.

e. Explain how the relationship between the amount of weight and its position affect balance.

f. Select and use appropriate tools for observing and measuring physical properties.

g. Describe the changes in matter that can occur.

h. Recognize that substances can be combined and lose individual properties (i.e. powdered drink mix and water).

i. Compare the heating and cooling rates of land, air, and water.

j. Analyze data to explain heating and cooling of land, air and water